Haighs Chocolates Marketing Plan Brief Essay

Haigh’s Chocolate is a family owned Australia chocolatier based in Adelaide SA. They specialize in handmade and single origin chocolates from Australia and around the world. The business is the oldest family owned chocolate maker in Australia and looking to increase awareness interstate and also around the world. Therefore, you are being called in as a consultant to develop new marketing opportunities to expand the brand. You are now employed as a team of 3 – 4 (max.) marketing consultants to help design a Marketing Plan for them. However you will need to firstly understand the brand by performing a SWOT analysis and then designing the Marketing Mix (4P’s). Lastly, it is very important that you are able to foresee or predict potential problems you might have with making or launching the product. As a team, you are required to pitch your marketing plan to your class. Haigh’s Chocolate is looking for a creative, practical and fun marketing strategy! Objectives of the Marketing Plan: 1) To build awareness for Haigh’s Chocolate 2) To increase brand recognition for Haigh’s Chocolate The brief There are many occasions, celebrations and festivals in a year. Some of them are celebrated with chocolates! Your consulting firm is given the task of creating a product, or packaging its current range of products into a product especially for an occasion of your choice. For example, for Valentine’s Day you may create a bouquet of Haigh’s chocolate roses, or a World Food Day chocolate where proceeds go to a non-profit organization or to theme the chocolates with a local festival! Your team can decide on the product strategy by looking at the various marketing theories taught this semester. The challenge is to think outside the box and create a product that is feasible for the brand! Your report MUST also entail a product (chocolate) design and a poster. You can use external images, or use software (e.g. Photoshop or Illustrator) to design your product. I you should choose to, you can also bring a prototype to your class for presentation. For more information about Haigh’s Chocolate, visit http://www.haigh’schocolate.com.au/ Word count: 2500 – 3000 (+/- 10%) words Mandatory 1) Application of theory: You will need to apply marketing theories for this assignment. You can refer to your textbook to help you to write the Marketing Plan. For specific guides on writing the marketing plan please refer to Chapter 2 of your textbook. 2) Presentation: You are required to present your Marketing Plan within your tutorial class to gauge feedback from your tutor and peers. This will help you to refine your plan for the written report. 3) Template: A report template has been provided on Moodle for this assignment. You will need to follow the template and discuss your marketing plan accordingly. However, if you need to add additional information, you can put it in Appendix. Do download and use accordingly. 4) Referencing: You are expected to refer to external resources for theories, ideas or current trends. However, you will need to apply theories to your statements/claims. These will need to be justified and supported by theory. Therefore, you will NEED to have at least 5 academic references for this assignment. Textbooks are not considered an academic reference, and it is expected that you would refer to it. You will need to reference it if you use your textbook. You should use resources from databases such as ProQuest, Emerald, Science Direct, and so on. 5) Formatting: 12pt, 1.5 spacing. Appendix. Optional 1) Appendix: You may choose to include an Appendix section. However it is not mandatory. Submission You will need to submit a HARDCOPY to your tutor via your tutor’s pigeon hole. A softcopy MUST be submitted via Moodle Deadline Penalties apply for late submissions (10% per day).

Saudi Arabian Airlines

MARMARKETING AND SALES STRATEGY There are very good prospects for Foreign companies who want to export their products to the Saudi Arabian market. However, there are certain marketing procedures and sales techniques which have to be observed in order to develop and sustain business relationships over a long period of time. †¢The Saudi market should be constantly reviewed for product adaptation and change. Exporters should ensure regular supplies as per specifications, at the specified time and place already agreed upon and at the stipulated prices. †¢Any subsequent and sudden price changes, even pertaining to after-sales services, should be avoided. †¢Exporters' contacts with importers in Saudi Arabia should be direct and regular. †¢Complete product lines, rather than single products, should be introduced into the Saudi market whenever possible in order to benefit from greater demand stimulation and cost reductions. Exporters are required to check with Saudi impor ters or directly with the Saudi Arabian Standards Organization, on the precise implementation of Saudi Arabian Standards pertaining to their exported products to the Kingdom. Saudi Standards can be purchased from SASO or the American National Standards Institute, ANSI (11 West 42nd Street, New York City, NY 10036, telephone number (212)642-4900 or fax number (212)302-1286). †¢Exporters to Saudi Arabia should display their products regularly in the major commercial urban centers of the Kingdom. Necessary permission is obtained by writing or contacting directly the Director, Exhibitions Department, Ministry of Commerce. †¢Efforts should be made to improve the appearance of exported commodities by means of attractive packaging. †¢Products to be exported should be properly branded and labeled both in English and Arabic. †¢In the case of machinery and equipment; after-sales service, including warranties, maintenance and the provision of spare parts, should be prompt and efficient.

Lyndon Johnson’s War Book Review

Book Review Lyndon Johnsons War Review The Vietnam War involved many decisions and outcomes, many of which have latter been reviewed with more uncertainty then confidence. With this Michael Hunt, the author uses both American and Vietnamese resources, some which before the book were never heard from. He uses these sources to try to explain how the United States of America was sucked into involvement with Southeast Asia.The overall conclusion of the book does not bring to many new views on why the United States involved itself with the issues of Vietnam but more confirms already believed views that they began in the conflict with comprehension of Vietnam’s problem other than the issue of the cold war. The preface, Hunt expresses how his early beliefs on Vietnam were molded by books he had read including Lederer and Burdick's The Ugly American, Fall's Street without Joy, and Greene's The Quiet American.He talks of living with his family in Saigon for the summer in the 1960s. His father worked with the U. S. military mission, to revamp the simple idea of Americans as â€Å"innocent moral crusaders†) in which was done outside of and in blindness to the actual Vietnamese history and culture. Hunt begins with an extensive look at the America’s view and movement on to the Cold War. In Chapter One, â€Å"The Cold War World of The Ugly American,† he reviews the United States' indifference to the problems Vietnam while centering on a more international inference.That makes Ho Chi Minh with the seem to be more a communist instead of a patriot and which in turn led initially to help the French colonialism in the area, then to the support of anticommunist leaders, an move that attracted the United States to the issue. Hunt then blames Eisenhower administration's views, which gave a † †¦ simple picture of Asians as either easily educable friends or implacable communist foes† (p. 17). The second Chapter, the author looks at Ho Chi Minh and why he was so well liked among the Vietnamese.Though not forgetting his communist background, Hunt makes the argument that Ho was more of a practical person who would, to better the Vietnamese, use any way possible. Eisenhower’s administration refused to accept this kind of sweeping nationalism which â€Å"†¦ left nationalism starkly at odds with communism and could make no sense of politically engaged intellectuals as ready to rally against American as they had against French domination† (p. 41).Hunt hold back some of his not so found thoughts for the Kennedy administration who aided making Vietnam as a not declared war while the United States started to be more involved in the 1960s. In the chapter â€Å"Learned Academics on the Potomac† he examines people such as Robert McNamara, Dean Rusk, McGeorge Bundy, and John F. Kennedy himself in light of their ongoing outlook and the issues of Southeast Asia coming from the administration beforehand.Hunt s’ main reasoning for the sole responsibility of United States militarily involvement in Vietnam is in the title itself. In the chapter â€Å"That bitch of a war† near the end of in the book, which is quoting Lyndon Johnson, the author blames the true reason for the war to be Johnson’s fault. Though what we learned previously throughout the book helped set the spark of the war, Johnson overlooked many chances to extinguish the problems.Hunt states that Johnson â€Å"imagined a moral landscape† in Vietnam while using drawing from unrelated experiences from his time spent in Congress and the Texas Hill Country create plan of stability in Saigon. An example from the chapter â€Å"How distant Johnson's Vietnam was from the real thing and how close to his own American experience is evident in his constant injunction to his Vietnamese allies to act like proper leaders–by which he meant helping constituents, showering benefits on them, and getting out fo r some serious handshaking† (p. 7). The ending chapter, â€Å"How Heavy the Reckoning,† Hunt looks at the United States' departure from the war and the outcomes of that conflict on the American mind. Hunt takes the U. S. relationship with Vietnam all the way into the early 1990s, when a relationship was planned don being rebuilt by President Clinton. With the American involvement still happening, He uses an analogy by referring to American involvement as â€Å"only a flesh wound† (p. 125).

Lawrence Sports Simulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lawrence Sports Simulation - Essay Example Policy Recommendation Lawrence Sports has created a strategic alliance with Central Bank with intent to receive credit facilities in times of cash deficit. According to this policy, money is automatically transferred from the Central Bank to Lawrence Sports’ account whenever the company experiences a cash deficit. Currently, the company’s line of credit with Central Bank has reached its limit, $1.2 million (cited in University of Phoenix, n.d). Here, the company has to take some strategic decisions to continue its business effectively. The firm’s current difficulties are mainly due to Mayo’s default on outstanding payments for the weeks of March 17-23 and March 24-30. However, it must be noted that Mayo is the Lawrence’s principal customer and hence Lawrence Sports should not take a tough stance on Mayo’s outstanding payments. It is advisable for the company to allow Mayo an extra week for paying 80% of the outstanding payments. Evidently Gar tner is the potential supplier of Lawrence Sports as this vendor assists the company to meet its 70% of the raw materials needs. However, Lawrence has a restricted bargaining power over Gartner since Lawrence Sports is not a key customer for Gartner. Hence, it is recommendable for Lawrence to distribute 60% of its outstanding payments for the week of March 24-30 over the weeks of March 31-April 6 and April 7-13; and subsequently, continue the payment mechanism as before. Lawrence’s vendor relationships head Ann Wu opines that Murray is the more flexible vendor of the company although it is not the major one. However, Lawrence should not stretch payments indefinitely to this company because such a condition would put this company into great financial troubles. Therefore, it is advisable for the organization to pay 15% on purchase, 40% in the next week, and the remaining 45% in the second week from the week of March 31- April 6. Lawrence Sports may continue to follow this strat egy for planning the subsequent weeks. To be specific, it is recommendable for Lawrence Sports to follow a moderate working capital policy. According to Brigham & Daves (2007, p.725), a moderate policy is the one between relaxed working capital policy and restricted working capital policy extremes; and under a moderate working capital policy, an organization neither adopts a liberal credit approach nor a restricted credit approach. However, the moderate policy may not be beneficial for Lawrence to improve its financial position quickly as this policy gives more focus to customer and vendor relationships. Hence, the organization can only gradually improve its debt levels and minimize interest burden under this policy. This policy may prevent Lawrence from fastening its market growth because the firm does not promote risky investments under this moderate policy. As Correia, Flynn, Uliana & Wormald (2012, pp.11.5-11.6) point out, the organization allows its customers to maintain paymen t dues to a fixed level and does not take long time to pay dues to its vendors. In the view of Periasamy (2009, pp.19.12-19.13), a major risk associated with this policy is that Lawrence cannot quickly realize dues from its customers even if it is badly in need of money. As the organization provides its customers with a fair period of time to pay dues, it cannot insist them to pay the dues instantly. Hence, Lawrence Sports may struggle to raise funds in times of unforeseen contingencies. As compared to a relaxed working c

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 8

Economics - Essay Example As a way of influencing the demand and supply of money in the economy, the Federal Reserve use either contractionary or expansionary money policy. Because, the interest rates are low there is a high availability of money supply in the economy as a result, there is moderate inflation occurrence that is currently at two percent. As the Fed chairperson, the use of restrictive monetary policy measures ensure s there is a steady flow of money in the economy during the period (Bartolotti, 2006). This is because restrictive monetary policy ensures that there is a higher level of depository interest rate for commercial banksas it borrows money from the Federal Reserve banks as they keep their reserves at the authorized level. In addition, it is critical to increase the open market operations by ensuring the citizens with extra money to save can invest in it because of the highly expected returns leading to money being drained out of the economy. As a result, the banking institutions will cha nge a higher rate as it lends less money with increased reserve requirement thus, individuals will seek alternatives for seeking funds rather than borrowing money. In addition, the government can make investments with the funds collected from open market operations leading to increased gross domestic product (GDP) growth. With an unemployment rate that is quite high, there is a need to carry out measures that will influence the growth of employment levels in the economy. Concerning, the new classical economists notion on unemployment and inflation, they highly advocate for a stable inflation-unemployment trade-off that is achievable through the Phillips curve. Based on the Philips curve the trade off is achievable on the assumption of changes in the price level in the private sector freely. This is because the Philips curve enhances the relationship between inflation and unemployment because of fiscal and monetary policy changes (Knoop, 2004). Nonetheless, the classical economics ar gue based on the conceptualization that the expectations-augmented in the Phillips curve emphasizes that the unemployment rate should not extend further than the natural level as it could lead to increased inflation rates. More significantly, it is critical to implement fiscal and monetary policies to influence employment levels (Knoop, 2004). This is because the economy is recovering from a recession period and the economy tends to grow with the aggregate demand (AD) increasing therefore, the levels of employment will increase. Even though, there is an increased pressure for a raise in wages after rescission, the rate at which the economy grows is faster, and the wages begin to rises slowly. Based on the Philips curve an outward shift of the aggregate demand AD curve because of increased consumer spending causes the equilibrium level of national output to shift to the point Y2 beyond potential gross domestic product (GDP). As a result, this creates a positive output gap, and it is more preferably attributed to cause a rise in inflationary pressure

Critically discuss your current understanding of the role and Essay

Critically discuss your current understanding of the role and importance of interaction in teaching and learning gained from your independent reading and research - Essay Example The main purpose of their questions is to explore the environment around them, and learn as much as they can from their older peers, or parents. When they grow up, and in classrooms, the numbers of their questions drop significantly. There are three kinds of classroom interactions, namely teacher-student interaction, student-student interaction, and student to others interaction. Others refer to the invited guests, or speakers who possess a particular knowledge that they want to impart on the student (Brooks et al, 2007). Interaction in a learning process is an important element of learning, and this is because it creates a culture of learning, and encourages students to take responsibility of their learning process, and outcomes. This paper analyzes the role and importance of interaction in the process of learning and teaching (Capel et al, 2005). This paper denotes that interaction is an important practice in the teaching process and any educator must practice this policy in order to achieve efficiency while imparting skills, and disseminating knowledge. Interaction in teaching and learning enhances efficiency in the use of language, therefore creating an efficient communication process amongst the various parties concerned. Gardner observes that by efficiently using a proper and understandable language in a class room set up, an instructor gets the capability of disseminating knowledge and information to the learners (1999). During interactive sessions, a leaner manages to develop his or her use of language. This is because they express themselves; in the process of asking a question, or making a point. By using language effectively, an instructor gains the capability of imparting knowledge by using the necessary resources and materials. Gardner (1999) denotes that this will enable a student to acquire a wider base of knowledge, and therefore enhancing the process of learning. Effective

Self leadership Personal Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Self leadership Personal Portfolio - Essay Example Hence, it can be affirmed that self-leadership skills are essential to judge the personal potentialities and strengths (Centre of Creative Leadership, 2012). This assignment offers an in-depth analysis and examination of my personal and professional aptitudes and talents with the help of a comprehensive approach along with personal manifestation on the ideas discussed in this topic. The paper highlights the essentialities of soft skills of an individual in the working environment along with detailed assessment through the available literatures on self-leadership skills and personal abilities through a 360 degree feedback. This analysis would facilitate me to identify my personal strengths and weaknesses thereby offering the opportunity of any specific changes if required so as to accomplish the personal goals in a more efficient and effective manner. This would enhance my future growth prospects. 2.0 Self-Leadership Skills Literature Overview Amer (2008) focuses highly on the soft sk ills as these are solely responsible for the future growth and the prospects of an individual. It is defined as the feelings and the behaviors that relate to the decisive thinking, problem solving, communication, association and presentation skills that help an individual to sustain in an organization for the long run. Soft skill is a sociological phrase related with the character traits, social elegance, language, personal habits, affability, and buoyancy that portrays the relationships with other individuals (Amer, 2008). Carmeli, Meitar, Weisberg (2006) also highlights that soft skills mainly balance the hard skills which are required for fulfilling occupational demands along with other activities (Carmeli, Meitar, Weisberg, 2006). Hence, it can be avowed that soft skills are responsible for the success of individuals in the workplaces as well as in their careers. According to Rao (2010), soft skills are mainly inherent qualities of an individual which can be improved or enhanced only through high level of devotion, motivation and commitment. Along with this, self awareness also plays an important part for the enhancement of soft skills of an individual. Thus, self–awareness helps to predict the internal strengths and weaknesses of an individual which might be beneficial for the augmentation of self-leadership talents. Hence, the self-leadership ability marks the success of an individual in the long run (Rao, 2010). Bommelije (2009) reveals that soft skills are vital characteristics of life which is essential for success. Most imperative and key soft skills that an individual should contain are tactical understanding, proper decision making ability, team behavior, providing inspiration to employees, communication power, intelligent skills, managerial dynamics, coordination, cooperation, enthusiasm to drive a group, implementation of various ideas, elasticity and capability to handle stresses and risks among others. Hence, it can be clearly affirmed t hat soft skills are also equally important for an individual as it helps to enhance productivity and quality of work thereby augmenting the profitability of organization (Bommelije, 2009). Moreover, soft skills

Personal statement for second year Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

For second year - Personal Statement Example My passion for digital work is one of the factors that distinguishes me from other candidates who are applying for this program. I am intrigued when I interact with digital media in the internet, news media or billboards. My interest is drawn to the work and skills that goes into these forms of communication in order to make them effective in eliciting the reactions they elicit in the target audience. My attention to detail is another reason that justifies my suitability for this program. This is because I believe that attention to details will enhance my appreciation of the content of this program (Holzschlag 23). My upbringing and education has exposed me to different cultures, imparting in me cultural diversity. This potential will help me study with ease in the culturally diverse population of your school. I am sociable and studying in your institution will give me an opportunity to make connections and network. This will also help me get along well with the members of my study group as can be assigned by my professors. My self-drive will help me work on my academic projects and assignments with minimal guidance from my supervisors (Holzschlag 24). I have developed initiative potentials and problem solving skills from my experience. This rekindles my memory to one time, when in primary school, I lacked school fees, and this seemed insurmountable at first. I came up with an idea to start a small photography shop near my home and my father embraced the idea, bought a pinhole camera, and started the shop. I helped run the shop after school and on weekends and this helped us raise funds for school fees and upkeep. Although the shop closed down after my father got another job and me and my siblings went to high school, I will be forever grateful for this encounter because it is here that I developed interest in photograph y and it has been growing ever since (Holzschlag 24). In conclusion, I believe that I have

The Effects of TQM on Human Resource Management Essay

The Effects of TQM on Human Resource Management - Essay Example Wilkinson, Marchington & Daleuman believe that "TQM is unlikely to achieve its objectives unless there is greater awareness of the people factor in quality management." Even if a strategy and the tools employed may be considered fool-proof, nothing will happen if the people side of the equation is not properly addressed. Most management experts share the same thoughts. Strategic planning, which is a prerequisite in TQM, takes WHAT IS and develops ideas on WHAT SHOULD BE along with plans for HOW TO GET THERE. Since such planning provides the road map for GETTING THERE, it is important to incorporate the people or human resource factor in this effort. Strategic planning is therefore nothing but human resource planning, which is another name for Human Resource Management. Perry & Mesch (1997) This paper will attempt to chronicle how HRM evolved from its simple screening-and-hiring role in the past into its more critical and multi-faceted functions of today, an expanded role imposed on it by necessity because of the advent of TQM. At the outset, this has been the most visible effect of TQM on human resource management. In the past, human resource management went no farther than classifying job positions, recruitment and hiring as well as ensuring proper employee benefits, discipline and seeing to the organization's compliance with employment laws. This role has expanded to include duties on building a more stable, better qualified workforce as required by the TQM approach, which calls for a team effort, assistance in developing it and objectives-based performance appraisal systems. To be able to contribute to an organization's success under a TQM approach, human resource development now covers the following: Internal career ladder system - this is done to focus individual attention on strategic issues facing the organization over the long term. Formal training - continuous training is held for everyone to fit in the organization and become a valuable contributor to the team. Result-oriented performance appraisal - this is conducted as basis for promotion, demotion, retention, transfer and pay scale. Employment security - this is put in place for employees to devote their attention to the job at hand rather than worry about their possible dismissal. Employee voice/participation - active participation in the effort to achieve the organization's goals raises the employees' morale and sense of duty. Broadly defined jobs - employees are given more challenging and meaningful job assignments to keep them on their toes. Performance-based compensation - rewards for a job well done inspire employees to do better. TQM calls for the involvement of top management and all levels of the organization and this in turn requires a more strategic approach to the management of human resources which is HRM. There is a "hard" type of TQM which pays little attention to the people element in the drive for continuous quality improvement. This TQM type is largely production-oriented such that emphasis is given to systems, processes and procedures. The criteria for the granting of ISO-9000 and British Standards-5750 are based mostly on this type which disappoint HRM professionals who feel that greater emphasis must be placed on the human aspects of TQM.

Write a brief communication describing the link and career skills info Essay

Write a brief communication describing the link and career skills info you learn from it - Essay Example By demonstrating his points via illustrations which exhibit comparative analysis between textual presentation and graphics, Parkinson engages the reader to differentiate the consequence of viewing from the outcome of reading in terms of immediate reaction formed. Learning how visuals work based on Parkinson’s research, I suppose that one career skill a professional worker can obtain from it is the potential to improve technical presentations where images may be organized for ease of understanding and amusement. This enables the presenting individual to express ideas more effectively and gain the opportunity to close deals with certain leads. With less talk and an adequate quantity of colorful yet coherent graphs and figures, prospects become further interested in conferences due to better comprehension of the matters being discussed. Thus, since nonverbal communication occurs particularly appealing and comprehensive, the skilled worker can take advantage of enhancing his performance without much use of language. Instead, one can make the most of demonstrative tools as perceived through personality, attitude, creative ability, or any character trait that appears immediately noticeable to others in the

Short story Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Short story Critique - Essay Example nt even know the girl.†, â€Å"Which meant this place was just where the young lady would sleep and live right before being called back to the hospital for another long night†, â€Å"something ancient...something powerful†. The title of the story hints of philosophical content whereas the content points more towards mysticism. Even after reading the whole story we never really find out who Mr. Parish was. In this regard, the story bears a sense of incompleteness. ‘Jessica’ might not be the real identity of the girl. She remains just as a â€Å"dead body† who lived in the house and was enrolled at the local hospital. This story has numerous strengths. The picture of crime scene in the beginning, of Mr. Hannay himself, the entrance room and above all about Mr. Parish- his appearance and expressions- are all picturesque- â€Å"jogging pants and a sweat shirt†, â€Å"his green eyes almost seemed made of glass†. They are very much lively and vivid. Moreover, the story is capable of holding t reader’s interest till the very end. Every segment of the story is tightly bound to one single theme and the readers become excited, frightened and enthralled to discover the true identity of Mr. Parish. Somehow, a casual reading of the text does not reveal what made Mr. Parish kill a so- called Jessica, a girl he doesn’t even know. The author could have further developed her character. Also, Mr. Hannay’s character could have been more informative. The dialogues perfectly suit to the situations. There is no excess flow of emotions. Nowhere are they exaggerated, but the readers can very well perceive Robert’s eagerness and worries, Julie’s likings, and Mike’s casual feelings. Comparatively dialogues are fewer in first half of the story. But they make the ending a brilliant one. In the first half of the story, the motive of â€Å"The Closet† is not stated clearly. The reader wanders around senior high school manners, prom- night conventions and ceremonies, until one

Arthur Conan Doyle Essay Example for Free

Arthur Conan Doyle Essay Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes Stories are antiquated with nothing to offer a modern day reader.  Arthur Conan Doyles distinctive and unique writing style lead to great success beginning in the nineteenth century when he created the original characters Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson. His ingenious stories have had such a major impact on society that they are still significant today.  Sherlock Holmes is a difficult character to avoid as he is talked about constantly in the media. Sherlock Holmes stories have been translated into over fifty different worldwide languages and have become very popular nationally and internationally. These stories are all set in the late nineteenth century in Victorian London where reality consisted of Crime, filth and vast amounts of poverty. The population, overcrowded with prostitutes, beggars and rogues causing problems. Rubbish painted the streets and soot covered each surface. Victorian London was a dreary place and Doyles stories were based on reality. This is why everyone found they could relate to them.  Arthur Conan Doyles stories are written in nineteenth century prose. This can be classed as long-winded, arcaic and antiquated by modern day readers. For example The Boscombe Valley uses outdated phrases such as Masters the particulars which may not be understood today. The sentences can be long winded, become boring and complex. Paragraphs are also stilted. Todays Reader may encounter a number of problems when reading Sherlock Holmes stories. As well as language being complex and dated there are no pictures to encourage the imagination or help the reader to understand what is going on.  Doyle has been such a successful author that he has influenced subsequent detective fiction writers such as Nevada Barr and Agatha Christie. Even today programmes such as A Touch of Frost are influenced by detective stories like Doyles. Sherlock Holmes is such a popular character he still influences much today. As I typed in his name my search engine came up with over 21,000 websites! Sherlock Holmes is still extremely popular.  A detective story is full of anticipation and suspense. They cause the reader keep questioning their own mind. Who did it? How did they do it? This makes them carry on reading and make the book interesting and enjoyable. As well as this Doyle uses many features to keep the reader interested.  Atmosphere plays a huge part in each story. The Speckled Band creates atmosphere well by using speech and adjectives. Adjectives are used such as terror ferocious disgraceful brawls to create a possibly stereotypical horror type atmosphere. Ive got nobody to turn to This gives the story a mysterious atmosphere where odd things are happening. Dense darkness is also used which creates a scary impression of the atmosphere. Cat like whine is also very atmospheric. The man with the twisted lip also uses fantastic adjectives to help create atmosphere such as Bile shot eyes which creates a horror movie like atmosphere. Suspense also plays a major part in the success of Doyles stories. I think that Doyle builds up suspense by using clues to solve the mystery but not letting the reader know until the end. The speckled Band builds up suspense slowly. Near the beginning the sister died two weeks after she got engaged this gives an idea for a motive has been established. We can then deduce the reason on page 177. On page 177 the motive is identified about the annual allowance. Then again on page 186 the motive is reinforced because Holmes goes to get a copy of the will. When the ladys sister died she mentioned the line it was the speckled band This makes us wonder throughout the story, what is the speckled band? The video of The speckled Band also showed a scene where the clock moved hour-by-hour implying the time was going extremely slowly building up suspense.  In the Red Headed League clues are planted. The use of Red herrings  Descriptions of London life included mentions of Crime, middle class people, drugs and Dens. At that time Dens were not illegal and were on the fringe of society. The Red Headed League mentions the roadway blocked with the immense stream of commerce Footpaths were black with the hurrying swarm of pedestrians. It even mentions specific names such as Saxe Coburg Square The way Holmes deduces the answer to each crime is very logical and quite outstanding. In The Boscombe Valley Holmes starts by using the newspaper to find out facts about the crime. The newspaper is a highly detailed account, which is very unusual nowadays. We use different sources of the media to work out for ourselves what is going on; but rarely from just a newspaper. Holmes is a very observational character. He does only observe but today people generally take photographic evidence. Holmes gathers evidence by acute observation as he has no cameras and collects no forensic evidence. On page 93 when Holmes goes to observe clues at the crime scene it has just finished raining. So moist was the ground that I could plainly see the traces which had been left by the fall of the stricken man. Usually in present time people would have taped off the crime scene and studied it before it rained or any evidence became contaminated by other people. However here it seems like other people have already been onto the crime scene which could lead to contaminated evidence oh, how simple it would have been had I been here before they came like a herd of buffalo but Holmes still manages to solve the crime just by logical observation and no scientific reasoning. Twice he was walking, and once he ran swiftly so that the soles are deeply marked, and the heels hardly visible. That bears out his story. He ran when he saw his father on the ground. Just by commonsensical observation he managed to deduce this. On page 94 he knows what he is looking for when he specifies the exact description of the murderer. Is a tall man, left handed, limps with the right leg. This makes the reader wonder all along, how does Holmes know this? The case is slowly unravelled and the clues all return and fit into the sequence. On the other hand Holmes methods of observation are still relevant today however more scientific evidence and backups are needed. But Holmes uses logic as we do today and he can be quite scientific.  This keeps the reader interested.  The use of language creates atmosphere and contributes to the popularity of these books. Weather in each of these stories is rather stereotypical but effective as it helps create atmosphere.

Maintenance and Operation of Lubricant Systems

Maintenance and Operation of Lubricant Systems Activity 1 Explain the purpose and the applications of three different types of lubricant. Greases: are solid or semisolid lubricants and generally consist of soaps, mineral oil, and various additives. These are highly viscous ad adhere well to metal surfaces. Although used extensively in machinery, greases are of limited use in manufacturing processes. Graphite: is weak in shear alone its basal planes and therefore has a low coefficient of friction in that direction. It is an effective solid lubricant, particularly at elevated temperatures. In a vacuum or an inertgas atmosphere, friction is very high; in fact, graphite can be abrasive in these situations. We can apply graphite either by rubbing it on surfaces or by making it part of a colloidal (dispersion of small particles). Glasses: is a solid material, glass becomes viscous at elevated temperatures and, therefore, can serve as a liquid lubricant. Viscosity is a function of temperatures, but not of pressure, and depends on the type of glass. Poor thermal conductivity also makes glass attractive, since it acts as a thermal barrier between hot work pieces and relatively cool dies. Glass lubrication is typically used in such applications as hot extrusion and forging. Activity 2 Describe the operation and maintenance of three different lubrications systems. Oil circulatory systems: In Oil circulatory systems, the oil is continuously supplied to various moving parts and bearings. In such systems, oil acts both as lubricant and also as coolant by earning away heat generated in the bearings/moving parts. The oil after lubrication is returned to reservoir either directly or through filters. These systems are large, employing reservoirs of capacity ranging from few hundreds of liters to thousands of liters. The pumps are heavy duty, intended for continuous running, with flow rate ranging from few tens of LPM to few thousands of LPM. These systems are widely used for plants like Cement, Sugar, Paper, Power generation. Steel as well as heavy duty machineries. Full Force Feed systems: In a full force-feed lubrication system, the main bearings, rod bearings, camshaft bearings, and the complete valve mechanism are lubricated by oil under pressure. In addition, the full force-feed lubrication system provides lubrication under pressure to the pistons and the piston pins. This is accomplished by holes drilled the length of the connecting rod, creating an oil passage from the connecting rod bearing To the piston pin bearing. This passage not only feeds the piston pin bearings but also provides lubrication for the pistons and cylinder walls. This system is used in virtually all engines that are equipped with full-floating piston pins. Force Feed systems: A fairly more complete pressurization of lubrication is achieved in the force-feed lubrication system Oil is forced by the oil pump from the crankcase to the main bearings and the camshaft bearings. Unlike the combination system the connecting-rod bearings are also fed oil under pressure from the pump. Oil passages are drilled in the crankshaft to lead oil to the connecting-rod bearings. The passages deliver oil from the main bearing journals to the rod bearing journals. In some engines, these opening are holes that line up once for every crankshaft revolution. In other engines, there are annular grooves in the main bearings through which oil can feed constantly into the hole in the crankshaft. The pressurized oil that lubricates the connecting-rod bearings goes on to lubricate the pistons and walls by squirting out through strategically drilled holes. This lubrication system is used in virtually all engines that are equipped with semifloating piston pins. Activity 3: Describe the operation of one seal, one type of packing and two different types of bearing with a typical application for each one. Seal: End face seals: This type of seal uses both rigid and flexible fundamentals that maintain contact at a sealing interface and slide on each other, allowing a rotating element to a pass through a sealed case. The elements are hydraulically and mechanically loaded with a spring or other device to maintain contact. In general the end face seal is sealed to the pump end plate by a gasket or O- ring and also the rotating seal face runs against the stationary seat (the opposing surface lapped to high degree of flatness). An end face mechanical seal, also known as a mechanical face seal but usually simply as a mechanical seal, is a type of seal utilised in rotating equipment, such as pumps and compressors. Packing: O-ring: Is a packing and it is also known as tonic joint, it is a mechanical gasket in the shape of a torus. It has a cross-section with a disc-shaped; it is also a loop of elastomer. O-rings are one of the most common seals used in machine design because they are inexpensive and easy to make, reliable, and have simple mounting requirements. They can seal tens of megapascals (thousands of psi) pressure. An O-ring is basically defined by its section diameter and the inner diameter of the O-Ring. O rings have many advantageous features including Low cost suit static dynamic duties space efficient seals in both directions fluid pressure assists sealing Suitable for all fluids-using appropriate elastomers. Two different types of bearings: Plain bearing: In general plain bearing have rubbing surfaces usually with lubricants. The stiffness of plain bearing are Good, provided wear is low, but some slack is normally present. It also has a very low speed to a very high sleep. Plain bearing is the simplest type of bearing, widely used, relatively high friction, suffers from stiction in some applications. Some bearings use pumped lubrication and behave similarly to fluid bearings. At high speeds life can be very short. Rolling-element bearing: A rolling-element rotary bearing uses a shaft in a much larger hole, and cylinders called rollers tightly fill the space between the shaft and hole. As the shaft turns, each roller acts as the logs in the above example. Yet, since the bearing is round, the rollers never fall out from under the load. A rolling-element bearing is a bearing which carries a load by placing round elements between the two pieces. The relative motion of the pieces causes the round elements to roll with very little rolling resistance and with little sliding. It is the earliest and best-known rolling-element bearings are sets of logs laid on the ground with a large stone block on top. As the stone is pulled, the logs roll along the ground with little sliding friction. As each log comes out the back, it is moved to the front where the block then rolls on to it. Activity 4: Describe two different types of screwed fasting and two different types of rivet giving a typical application for each one. Two different types of screwed fasting: Bolts and Nuts: Bolts and nuts can be made from steel, brass, aluminum alloys and plastic. There are all sorts of bolts and nuts with different sizes for example: M6x25 high tensile bolt BZP M2 full not zinc The above metric blots and nuts and specified as steel. The specifications for bolts and nuts: Example: M8x1.550: M specifies that it is metric. The number next to the letter M which is 8 specifies the diameter in millimeters. 1.5 specifies the tread pitch in millimeters. 50 specifies the length of the shank in millimeters. There are other bolts for example: Tap bolt A bolt that is threaded all the way to the head. Eye bolt A bolt with a looped head. Toggle bolt A bolt with a special nut known as a wing. It is designed to be used where there is no access to side of the material where the nut is located. Usually the wing is spring loaded and expands after being inserted into the hole. The strength of the bolts Can be identified by reading the numbers stamped on the head of the bolts, these are referred to the grad of the bolt used in certain applications with the strength of the bolt. High-strength steel bolts usually have a hexagonal head with an International Organization for Standardization(ISO) strength rating stamped on the head. Studs and nuts: Studs: Road studs: These are generally used on hard surfaces, such as roads or very had ground. They are normally 4 to 6 sided, small and flat in size and blunt. Ice studs: these are also designed for use on hard surfaces, but generally have a longer, sharper point than road studs, to provide traction on slippery surfaces. Grass studs: are also known as bullet studs , they come in many different lengths but are always larger and shaper than road studs and generally narrow so they can dig into hard, dry ground. Mud Studs: are used on extremely soft or wet riding surfaces where deep traction is needed. They are bigger thanRoad Studsbut often rounded on top and come in several different lengths.Mud Studscan also be square in shape, known asBlock Studs.SomeMud Studsare knownasOlympic Studs*which are long and sharp and used for extremely slippery ground Two different types of rivets: Blind rivets. These types of blind rivets have non-locking mandrels and are avoided for critical structural joints because the mandrels may fall out, due to vibration or other reasons, leaving a hollow rivet that will have a significantly lower load carrying capability than solid rivets. In addition, because of the mandrel they are more horizontal to failure from corrosion and vibration. A drive rivet: A drive rivet is an appearance of blind rivet that has a little mandrel protruding from the head that is driven in with a hammer to flicker out the end inserted in the hole. This is usually used to rivet wood panels into place since the hole does not need to be drilled all the way through the panel, producing a beautiful pleasing appearance. They can also be used with plastic, metal, Other materials and require no special setting tool other than a hammer and possibly a backing block. P5-Decribe the operation of two different types of cam and followers and two different types of linage mechanism. Two different types of cam and followers: Cam followers are comparable to needle or cylindrical roller bearings with a thick-walled external ring. The crowned outer surface of the outer ring prevents border stresses if the roller runs in a twisted or inclined location. They are grease full ready-to-mount units appropriate for all types of cam drives, tracks and conveyor systems. In its place of an inner ring cam followers have a hard threaded pin to permit the cam follower to be quickly and easily attached to the machine mechanism by means of a hexagonal nut. Axial guidance is provided through an essential flange on the external ring at the top of the pin and a side. Cam followers are obtainable in three different internal designs. Usually, the cam followers have concentric seating on the pin, but some are also accessible with a strange collar shrunk on to the stud. Cam follower bearings with collar allow an optimum interaction with the cam and allow fewer stringent developed tolerances for the mechanism. Two different types of linkage mechanism: A mechanical linkage is a sequence of rigid links linked through joints to shape a closed series, or a series of closed chains. Every linkage has two or more joints, and the joints have a variety of degrees of freedom to allow movement between the relations. A linkage is called a mechanism if two or more links are movable with respect to a fixed link. Four-bar linkage mechanisms: The four-bar linkage is one more mechanism which finds general uses. It is establish in applications such as windscreen wiper drives, Vehicle suspension units and Everyday uses such as the hinges on kitchen cupboard doors and squeeze-mop mechanisms. Two of the links spin about fixed centers and are connected by a coupler linkage. The fourth link is shaped by the frame or bed plate that contains the permanent centers of rotary motion. It must be noted that the number of inversion of machinery is equal to the number of links, which in this case is four links. Reverse motion linkage. As the top bar moves to the left the base bar moves to the right. The bars move in reverse directions. an additional way of describing this linkage is the direction of movement in one bar is reversed in the other rod. The fixed pivot is the centre of rotation. (P6): describe the arrangement and operation of Two different kinds of belt drive: Flat belts: Flat belts are used mostly for transmitting light tons. Since they are flexible, this makes them appropriate for applications where there is some misalignment among shafts; they possibly will be crossed to give opposition directions of turning round to the pulleys. They can also be twisted to attach shaft which are not in the same plane. Vee belts: Vee belts (also recognized as V-belt or wedge rope) solved the slippage and arrangement problem. It is currently the essential belt for power transmission. They offer the best mixture of grip, pace of movement, load of the bearings, and long service life. They are usually continuous, and their common cross-section shape is trapezoidal. The V shape of the belt tracks in a mating groove in the pulley (or sheave), with the effect that the belt cannot slip off. The belt also tends to hold into the groove as the load increases the larger the load, the larger the wedging action improving torque transmission and making the vee belt an helpful solution, needing less width and tension than flat belts. Two different kinds of chain drive: A chain is a method of transferring rotary motion between two parallel shafts. The chain drive is positive, efficient and high torques can be transmitted. The chain is generally made from steel although plastic chains have been developed. Roller Chain: Roller chain or bush roller chain is the type of chain most frequently used for transmission of mechanical power on bicycles, motorcycles, and in industrial and agricultural machinery. It is a straightforward, dependable, and efficient means of power transmission. Two different kinds of gear train. Epicyclic gearing or planetary gearing is a gear system that consists of one or more external gears, or planet mechanism, rotating about a central, or sun gear. Typically, the planet gears are mounted on a movable arm or carrier which itself may rotate relative to the sun gear. Epicyclic gearing systems may also incorporate the use of an outer ring gear or annulus, which meshes with the planet gears. (P7): Describe the arrangement and operation of: Two different kinds of transmission shaft Power transmission shafts are mainly used in two wheeler and four wheeler vehicles. These shafts consist of metal joint elements and a metal pipe connected to each other. To provide more rigidity to shafts, a plastic pipe is inserted into metal pipe thus forming a composite power transmission shaft having more strength and rigidity. Automotive transmission shafts are especially designed and used in two wheelers as well as four wheelers. These shafts are integral hollow type shafts that maintain a perfect balance between static strength and fatigue strength. Two different types of Couplings: Shaft couplings are used in machinery for several purposes, the most common ones are: To provide for the connection of shafts of units those are manufactured separately such as a motor and generator and to provide for disconnection for repairs or alternations. To provide for misalignment of the shafts or to introduce mechanical flexibility. To reduce the transmission of shock loads from one shaft to another. Rigid Slip Couplings: This type of coupling has no flexibility; therefore it is necessary for the shafts that aretobe connected to be in good alignment, both laterally and angularity, in order excessive loadson the coupling, on the shafts, or on the shaft bearings.Rigid couplings do not accommodate misalignment and consequently should not be usedindiscriminately. Types of Rigid Couplings: Sleeve or muff coupling: It is the simplest type of rigid coupling, made of cast iron. Itconsists of a hollow cylinder whose innerdiameter is the same as that of the shaft. It is fitted over the ends of the two shafts by means of a gibhead key. Clamp coupling: Clamp coupling is sometimes called a compression coupling or a ribbed coupling. Clamp coupling is a modification and an improvement of the sleeve coupling. This coupling is made in two parts which are machined to fit the shaft and are finished off around the periphery and on both ends. Flange coupling: A flange coupling usually applies to a coupling having two separate cast iron flanges. Each flange is mounted on the shaft end and keyed to it. The faces are turned up at right angle to the axis of the shaft. Two different kinds of clutch: Dog clutch: is a type ofclutchthat couples two turning shafts or other rotating mechanism not byfrictionbut by interference. The two parts of the clutch are designed such that one will push the other, causing both to rotate at the same speed and will never slip. Dog clutches are used inside manual automotive transmissions to lock different gears to the rotating input and output shafts. Cone clutch: serves the same purpose as a disk or plateclutch. However, instead of mating two spinning disks, the cone clutch uses two conical surfaces to transmit torque by friction. The cone clutch transfers a higher torque than plate or disk clutches of the same size due to the wedging action and increased surface area. Cone clutches are generally now only used in low peripheral speed applications although they were once common in automobiles and other combustion engine transmissions. Two different kinds of breaks: Disc brakes: are made of cast iron or ceramic composites. The use of these types of breaks ate to stop or slow the rotation of a wheel. Hydraulic brakes: use brake fluid, and normally containing ethylene glycol the reason for this is because to transfer pressure from the controlling unit and also to brake mechanism which is normally near the wheel. (P8): Describe with the aid of diagrams the general layout operation of a Pneumatic actuation system: Pneumatic systems provide a softer action and are also not able to deliver such large forces. Besides the disadvantages pneumatic systems have some advantages which are: Simplicity of Design and Control Machines are easily designed using standard cylinders other components. Control is as easy as it is simple ON OFF type control. Reliability Pneumatic systems tend to have long operating lives and require very little maintenance. Because gas is compressible, the equipment is less likely to be damaged by shock. The gas in pneumatics absorbs excessive force, whereas the fluid of hydraulics directly transfers force. Storage Compressed Gas can be stored, allowing the use of machines when electrical power is lost. Safety Very low chance of fire (compared to hydraulic oil). Machines can be designed to be overload safe. The process of the pneumatic system that is shown above: The compressor receives filtered air form air filter and delivers through an after-cooler to the compressed air receiver. Then the air is distributed to different applications as well as the pneumatic cylinder. Pneumatic systems employ gas that is compressed under extremely high pressure. For some applications where the air must be perfectly dry, the system also contains a moisture separator. The practical use of pneumatics comes in putting that compressed gas to use, at its most basic level a pneumatic system holds compressed gas in a specially designed tank and then we release some of that gas into an expandable chamber. The expandable part of the chamber has a rod attached to it so that as it expands the rod moves outward. Hydraulic actuation systems: Air has a low density and is compressible at the same time as hydraulic oil has a much higher density and is almost incompressible. Therefore, hydraulic systems are capable to function at much advanced pressure and deliver the very huge positive forces which are necessary in applications such as hydraulic presses and lifts. Hydraulic actuation system has advantages which are listed below: Advantages of hydraulics Liquid (as a gas is also a fluid) does not absorb any of the supplied energy. Capable of moving much higher loads and providing much higher forces due to the incompressibility. The hydraulic working fluid is basically incompressible, leading to a minimum ofspringaction. When hydraulic fluid flow is stopped, the slightest motion of the load releases the pressure on the load; there is no need to bleed off pressurized air to release the pressure on the load. The process of the Hydraulic actuation systems that is shown above: The system has motor-driven pump which draws filtered oil from the tank and distributes it through a pressure regulator to the positions where it is necessary. The pump runs constantly and the excess oil which is not necessary for procedures is diverted back to the tank by the pressure regulator. It must be noted that the organization generally supplies a relatively little work area in the locality of the pump and tank. It is not realistic to provide oil under pressure over large distances for the reason that of pressure drop and the need for a return pipe. A manual or automatic control valve supplies oil to the actuation cylinder and directs return oil to the reservoir. A mechanical handling system: The transfer of material, components and assemblies through the manufacturing stages often takes position on roller or belt conveyors. Mechanical handling has a broad variety of handling. Lifting gear used in developing business is broad and in some cases it is extremely meticulous. The roller conveyer is most expected the easiest form where manufactured goods are passed among work stations along a track having rollers. Materials are regularly shifted through a motor-driven belts conveyer. The belts are from frequently maintained on concave roller so that is falls in the center. (P9): Describe with the aid of diagrams the general layout and operation of Steam power generation plant: Though the main process in steam power station is the conversion of heat energy into electrical energy, it comprises of many steps for its proper working and good efficiency. The whole arrangement of a steam power station could be divided into following steps: The steam generating plant consist of boiler and its auxiliary equipments for the utilisation of flue gases. Boiler: The heat produced by the burning of coal in the boiler is used to produce steam at high temperature and pressure. The flue gases produced at the time of combustion is passed through the super heater, economiser, air- preheater and finally exhausted into the atmosphere through chimney. Super Heater: The steam produced in the boiler has got moisture content so it is dried and superheated (i.e. steam temperature is increased above boiling point of water)by the flue gases on the way to chimney. Super heating ensures two benefits at first the overall efficiency of the system is increased and secondly the corrosion to the turbine blades due to condensation in later stages is prevented. The superheated steam from superheater is fed to steam turbine by means of a main valve. Air preheater: Air preheater increases the temperature of the air supplied to coal for combustion using flue gases. Air is drawn in using a forced draught fan and is passed through preheater before supplying it to the boiler. This process increases the thermal efficiency and steam capacity per square meter of the boiler surface. Steam Turbine: The dry and super heated steam from superheater is fed to the turbine by means of a main valve. Due to the striking or reaction impact of the steam on the blades of turbine it starts rotating i.e. heat energy is converted to mechanical energy. After giving heat energy to the turbine the steam is exhausted to a condenser which condenses the exhausted steam by means of a cold water circulation. Alternator: The steam turbine is coupled to an alternator; the alternator converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The electrical output is transferred to the bus bars through transformer, circuit breaker and isolators. Feed Water: The condensed water produced in the condenser is used as feed water, some amount of water may be lost in the cycle but it is compensated using an external source and the cycle repeats and gives a better efficiency to the system. Cooling Arrangement: Inorder to increase the efficiency of the plant the steam coming from the turbine is condensed using a condenser. The water circulation for cooling steam in condenser is take from a natural source like river, stream etc and the out coming hot water from condenser is discharged in some lower portion of the water source. In scarcity of water the water from the condenser is cooled and reused with the help of a cooling tower. Refrigeration system: There are several heat transfer loops in a refrigeration system as shown above. Thermal energy moves from left to right as it is extracted from the space and expelled into the outdoors through five loops of heat transfer: Indoor air loop. In the left loop, indoor air is driven by the supply air fan through cooling coil, where it transfers its heat to chilled water. The cool air then cools the building space. Chilled water loop. Driven by the chilled water pump, water returns from the cooling coil to the chillers evaporator to be re-cooled. Refrigerant loop. Using a phase-change refrigerant, the chillers compressor pumps heat from the chilled water to the condenser water. Condenser water loop. Water absorbs heat from the chillers condenser, and the condenser water pump sends it to the cooling tower. Cooling tower loop. The cooling towers fan drives air across an open flow of the hot condenser water, transferring the heat to the outdoors. There are two fundamental types of refrigeration system. They are the; Vapour-compression system The vapour-absorption system. The two types are used for commercial purposes and domestic refrigerators and the two of them work on the standard that when a liquid vanishes, it takes in concealed heat from its surroundings. The liquids used in refrigerators and freezers are called refrigerants. They are made to evaporate at a temperature below 0 degrees Celsius and in doing so; they take in latent heat and maintain the cold space at a sub-zero temperature. A refrigerant must have a low freezing point so that it does not solidify or form slush in the low temperature part of the refrigeration cycle. Also it should have a high value for its latent heat of vaporisation to maximise the transfer of heat energy during the cycle. Compression refrigeration cycles take advantage of the fact that highly compressed fluids at a certain temperature tend to get colder when they are allowed to expand. If the pressure change is high enough, then the compressed gas will be hotter than our source of cooling (outside air, for instance) and the expanded gas will be cooler than our desired cold temperature. In this case, fluid is used to cool a low temperature environment and reject the heat to a high temperature environment. Vapour compression refrigeration cycles have two advantages. First, a large amount of thermal energy is required to change a liquid to a vapor, and therefore a lot of heat can be removed from the air-conditioned space. Second, the isothermal nature of the vaporization allows extraction of heat without raising the temperature of the working fluid to the temperature of whatever is being cooled. This means that the heat transfer rate remains high, because the closer the working fluid temperature approach es that of the surroundings, the lower the rate of heat transfer. An air condition system: An Air-condition system is the full automatic control of the indoor atmosphere to maintain comfortable and healthy conditions. Its objective is to provide clean, fresh air at a temperature and humidity level that is comfortable to the occupants. The essential ingredients in an air conditioning system are a fan to blow air around, a cold surface to cool and dehumidify the air, a warm surface and a source of water vapour. In a large system there will also be a tangle of tubes to distribute the air and collect it again. Notice that the cold surface has two independent jobs to do: it is used to cool the air and it is also used to dehumidify, by condensing water from the air. Advantages of Pneumatic systems over Hydraulic systems: Extremely cheaper then hydraulic systems. The force transmitter, air, is freely available. Cleaner systems as air leakage do not create a mess. Due to high pressure Hydraulic oil becomes very hot after continuous use. It can cause injury/burns if someone comes in contact with it. Usually has open circuits and we dont have to worry about the return circuit. (D1): Justify the use of shell tellus oil 27 lubricant and the splash lubrication system in the lathe machines in the college machine shop: Shell tellus oil 27and 37 lubricants: Shell Tellus Oils oil 27 are premium quality hydraulic oils generally acknowledged to be the standard-setter in the field of engineering hydraulic and fluid power lubrication. Shell tellus oil 27 has high lubrication properties and excellent low friction characteristics in hydraulic systems operating at low or high speed. Prevents stick-slip problems in critical applications enabling very fine control of machinery.Because of the reasons mentioned above shell tellus oil 27 is rated one of the best lubricant for lathe machine. Shell Tellus Oil 37 is an improved version of shell tellus oil 27. Shell Tellus Oi

Eleven Minutes Written By Paul Coelho Summary English Literature Essay

Eleven Minutes Written By Paul Coelho Summary English Literature Essay Once upon a time there was a prostitute called Maria. The novel Eleven Minutes is about a young adult named Maria who finds herself through travelling around Europe in order to achieve her dreams to become famous. Although this was not what she achieved she found love even after she was certain she will never find true love. Maria experiences what she thinks love is at a very young age. From the age eleven she fell in love with her neighbour and hated him when he didnt love her back, she then had many boyfriends and experienced the depths of relationships until she decided she didnt need a boy and promised to never fall in love again. At the age nineteen she decided she wanted to pursue her dream and persuaded her boss for a week holiday. After travelling to Rio de Janeiro she met a Swiss man who offers her work as a Samba dancer in a nightclub in Geneva. Realising dancing was not her passion, she quit the job and searched for work as a model but found herself being offered money for one night with an Arab man. This night led her to the brothel, Copacabana in Rue de Berne where she began work as a prostitute as she enjoyed the easy money and the way she got it. Here she worked many nights but only befriended one colleague, Nyah, as many other women saw her as a threat to their profession. The dehumanizing profession caused her to shut out her body and mind to any connection with love and her life now revolved around something that took eleven minutes which was the time Maria found that was actually spent having sex. As Maria only worked at night, she spent her days at the library, befriending the librarian and taking out books on many different subjects such as how to learn French, books about sex and farm management. She also explored the city which led her to the Road to Santiago where she meets a Swiss painter, Ralf Hart. Hart as a painter, loved her light that she gave off and asked if he could draw a portrait of her. This encounter caused Marias body and soul to become reintegrated because of the love and passion she shared with him although they first argue and he disrespects her profession. One particular client however, enabled her to experience pain yet reach a sense of pleasure from sex known as sadomasochism. This brought her to realise that pain and pleasure can relate. Although she experienced this, she didnt tell Ralf Hart and one day he introduced her to a different sense of pain that helped her to travel beyond any other pleasures. After several meetings with Ralf Hart, often at his house they shared something she didnt share with any other clients. She fell hopelessly in love with him as he brought her to rekindle her soul as it was only destroyed from her profession. Maria then felt she needed to leave Rue de Berne because of her feelings and travel home to her family regardless of the fact that if she worked for just six months longer, she could have given her family everything they desire. She then buys a ticket to Brazil, disappointed that she hadnt filled her suitcases with souvenirs as she has wished. Before travelling back home she wanders around the ci ty grasping the concepts, saying goodbye to those she had grown close to. During this time, the reader begins to learn about the librarian as Maria listens to what she has to say after she has read many books about sex after ordering them for the library. The librarian explains her life to Maria and although Maria does not know what to say, she simply listens and allows the librarian to express herself. However, Maria does ask if she had ever had an affair and although she did, she never told this to Maria. In the evening saw Ralf for the last time, or at least what she thought would be the last time as the love they experienced with each other brings them closer than past relationships. Ralf Hart becomes the hopeless romantic and meets Maria in the airport and the words The End appear on the cinema screen. Narrative Style This novel is written in third person singular with an omniscient style but however shifts to first person singular when Maria writes in her diary; She grew prettier and prettier, and her sad, mysterious ways brought her many suitors. and Everything tells me that I am about to make a wrong decision, but making mistakes is just a part of life. What does the world want of me? This therefore indicates that there is an epistdary style to the novel as Marias thoughts are shared through diary entries. The pronouns he and she are frequently used and characters are continuously addressed by their names. The novel is also written with an intrusive style; But if, one day, someone should decide to tell her story, she would ask them to begin it with just as all the fairy tales begin: Once upon a time. Character Analysis Maria: is an independent, selfless young lady who dreams of success which she will go out of her way to achieve. This is shown through her determination and even during her self-destroying profession she longs to achieve her dream she had since she was a little girl even though this is achieved through an adventure which causes her to change from being the innocent young girl she was. Maria is caring woman, this characteristic is portrayed through her nights with many clients as she not only gives them sexual pleasure but she also relieves them of their problems by discussing their life problems and situations. She is also a friendly lady as although Ralf Hart first offends her profession she still continues to talk and resolve the tension which then leads to a friendship and then a relationship. Her friendliness is also shown through her relationship between the librarian and her work colleagues although they see her as a threat. Maria is also devoting as she spends the money she pe rsonally earned on her family in order for her family to succeed in life by buying a farm for her family. Language Diction Eleven Minutes is a descriptive novel that uses informal language often including language commonly used amongst many people. There are many conversations in the novel between the characters, especially dialect between Maria and her sexual clients as well as between herself and Ralf Hart and Maria and the librarian. Techniques of creative writing are used such as personification; Geneva would just be the face of a man she loved and whom had loved her. There are also quite a few rhetorical questions which emphasize the situation and allow the reader to become involved with the situation in the novel. Several long sentences are used to describe feelings or objects; She was beginning to realise that after long months of self-control, the pressure, the earthquake, the volcano of her soul was showing signs that it was about to erupt, and the moment that this happened, she would have no way of controlling her feelings. Short sentences are also used to make an impact and emphasize the meani ng, for instance; She was terrified. Imagery The imagery is evident throughout the novel because all stimuli are aroused. Tactile imagery is evident when Maria sleeps with many different men because of her profession. The novel is very descriptive when Maria and Ralf Hart discuss their sexual relationships and when he seeks her as a customer; Maria felt Ralfs hand on her waist, his cheek pressed to hers and the music Thank God was too loud for them to talk. This description of Ralf and Marias encounter therefore links to auditory imagery as one can imagine the sound of the music around them. There is a sense of smell when Ralf caresses Marias face with his fingers; she can smell just a hint of ink on them, a smell that will stay there forever, even if he washes his handsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Visual imagery is foreseen throughout the novel when Maria enters the church before leaving back to Brazil. The novel explains traditions of a church; splendid stained-glass windows and empty cross; she was confronted not by an instrument of to rture, by the bloodied body of a dying man, but by a symbol of resurrectionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Taste imagery is evident when Maria has experience with a variety of foods, in Brazil she can only afford sandwiches and occasionally restaurants however, in Switzerland she eats more extravagantly and dines at more expensive restaurants after she is employed at The Copacabana. Themes The theme of discovery, pain and loneliness is evident throughout the novel as Maria had to experience pain throughout her life in order to discover her true self. Loneliness is shown through the novel as Maria was lonely and her soul and mind was lost in order for her to continue with her difficult career choice. Discovery also relates to this as she discovered herself from having made love with Ralf Hart and she began to feel much happier and realise that she had found love and that her soul was rejuvenated. The theme of sexual relations is represented deeply throughout the novel as Maria is a prostitute and has many sexual relationships throughout the novel because of this. Sex in the novel is a very dominant theme especially when Ralf Hart helps Maria to discover that sex is sacred and goes beyond ones soul. This theme may link to love and romance as Maria falls in love with Ralf Hart and they begin a relationship together after she flies home from Switzerland to Brazil. Setting This novel has various different settings which all motivate the novel in various ways. Whilst Maria is a young girl, the novel is set in Brazil in a secluded town. At nineteen she travels to Rio de Janeiro, a famous city for its carnival celebrations and many dances. These two scenes encourage the novel because as a young girl her parents are poor and as she begins to travel she wants to earn a decent salary to be able to support her family. As a young girl Maria also dreams to have the typical lifestyle and a glittery life and by moving from a secluded area to a populated town, Marias dream is truly reflected. The novel then takes the reader to Geneva in Switzerland then to Rue de Berne, down town from Geneva where sadly she becomes a prostitute but meets Ralf Hart. Genre The genre of Eleven Minutes is romance because of the relationships between Maria and her clients. Although Maria didnt fall in love with her many clients, she fell in love with a man who had occasionally entered The Copacabana and then paid for a night with her. The two endured sex and love and experienced what is called sacred sex in the novel. The genre could also be true life drama as the story line is based on a persons life but is altered in ways so that it isnt simply a biography. I say this because Maria experiences prostitution that is portrayed through everyday life although it is often not spoken about. Aspects I liked I enjoyed the fact that Maria finally realised that prostitution was not the way she should live her life and that although after another year she would have earned enough money to pursue her lifelong dreams and give her parents the life they had dreamed of, she left Geneva in order to live her life a better way. The novel also helped me to gain insight that there is a different side of earning a living and that prostitution is a settlement that young women make. I also enjoyed the fact that Ralf Hart went through effort in order to please Maria at the airport. It was the typical tender moment that every hopeless romantic will love. Despite this, I didnt enjoy that the novel ending in this way as I felt that the ending was a clichà © in comparison to the novel. I feel that the reader is able to imagine the ending before actually reading it which spoils the novel as it involves deep discussion about prostitution but then changes to a typical romance. Recommendations I would recommend this novel to any high school child that is sophisticated and mature to read about sexual relationships and prostitution. The novel is very open regarding the subjects sex and love and defines that sex without love is of no use. Saying this, I would specifically recommend this novel to teenage girls over the age of 17 because the theme, prostitution can be offensive to those who do not have an open mind. The novel discusses prostitution which is not an everyday topic although it can be a part of everyday life for certain people and it involves deep descriptions about sex and the discovery of sex in different ways. I would also recommend this novel to a woman who feels that they were once just a sexual object for men as the novel suggests female sexuality although it is explained through prostitution.

insurance law Essay -- essays research papers

The Nature of Insurance came about to offset any loss that an individual or those engaged in business may suffer through the occurrence of some unforeseen event. To offset this loss the commercial world developed the contract of insurance. In return for a fee the individual, or the business enterprise, would be indemnified for the loss suffered on the occurrence of the event insured against. Contracts of insurance cover a wide field such as life assurance, personal accident public liability, damage to property and general liability insurance. A contract of insurance is a contract whereby one party, called the insurer, agrees in return for a payment called the premium to pay a sum of money to another, called the insured, on the occurrence of a certain event, or to indemnify the insured against the loss caused by the risk which is insured against. Policies of insurance are of two broad types: life assurance, which insures against an event that must happen, namely, death; and liability insurance, which insures against events that may happen. A contract of insurance may be in any form, such as by deed, in writing, or verbal. In practice such a contract is embodied in a written document called a policy, which expressly states all the terms of the contract. Three elements are essential to an insurance contract: (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  consideration must pass to the Insurer. This usually takes the form of periodic payments, called premiums; (b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  there must be some degree of uncertainty as to whether the event insured against will happen, or if it is bound to happen, as to when it will happen (c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the event, if or when it happens, must be adverse to the interest of the insured. Insurance business in Ireland is carried on principally by registered friendly societies, which deal in life assurance and are governed by the Friendly Societies Acts 1909-1989. Both statutes attempt to provide some supervision by the state so as to safeguard the interest of policy holders. Insurance companies must hold a licence, maintain a bond with the High court and make annual returns. The usual procedure for a party seeking insurance is to first complete a proposal form and submit it to the insurers. Where the proposal form is rejected that is the end of the matter and there is no contract. The insurer is not ... ...Dodgem Insurance are therefore only required to pay Chandler at most  £150,000 even though the cost might be more. The policy taken out by Joey will in no way effect the policy Chandler has taking out with Dodgem Insurance Ltd. The two Insurance companies will be required to each pay an appropriate percentage of the claim. Chandler is not entitled to any contribution from Central Perk Insurance as this policy was taking out by Dodgem Ltd and is a general contents policy. Dodgem Insurance will receive a relevant payout for any damage done to the general contents on their section of Castle View i.e. the ground floor. Even though Chandler neglected to mention that Castle View has a thatched roof, he is covered by Section 18 (3) of the Marine Insurance Act 1906 (b) i.e. Any circumstance that is known or presumed known to the insurer. The insurer is presumed to know matters or common notoriety or knowledge, and matters, which an insurer in the ordinary course of his business as such ought to know. Chandler may have presumed that because Dodgem Insurance Ltd are located in the same building that he is insuring that they will have taking the fact that it has a thatched roof into account.

Physics of Submarines Essays -- physics submarine

Submarines have been around for longer than most people think. The first American attempts at creating a submersible boat date back to the days of the Revolutionary and Civil Wars. These boats, however, turned out to be just as dangerous to the people on board as they were to the enemy boats. So the concept was put aside for a while. But in the 1890's two men named John Holland and Simon Lake built a practical underwater boat. The US Navy bought its first submarine from Mr. Holland on April 11, 1900, a date which is thought of as the birthday of the US submarine force. Submarines progressed in technology throughout the years and were used extensively and quite successfully in both world wars. The major breakthrough in submarine technology came in the next ten years after the war, when nuclear propulsion was developed. Early submarines were driven by big diesel engines. These engines provided plenty of power for turning the propellers to drive the sub as well as a way to heat the sub and provide electricity. There were however a few drawbacks, fuel economy and the ability to stay underwater for long periods of time. In order to run a diesel engine, you of course need diesel fuel and lots of it. This was a problem since you could only carry so much fuel on a ship. Also diesel engines give off emissions. This was not a problem as long as the submarine was on the surface. When they dove, however, there was only a limited amount of space in which you could pump the fumes before you had to surface and vent. You also need an oxygen intake from the surface. Both of these problems were solved, however, by nuclear power. The world's first nuclear powered submarine was an American boat called the USS Nautilus, which was p... ... . 2) Freudenrich, Craig, Ph. D., and Marshall Brian. How Submarines Work. 12 Apr. 2003 . 3) Lehman, Cherie Bibo. Doppler Effect. 10 Apr. 2003 . 4) Nuclear Propulsion. 13 Apr. 2003 . 5) Serway, Raymond A., Robert J. Beichner, and John W. Jewett, Jr. Physics for Scientists and Engineers. 5th ed. N.p.: Thomson Learning, Inc., 2000. 6) Vest, Bryant, and Juli Arendt. What is Sonar? 13 Apr. 2003 . Physics of Submarines Essays -- physics submarine Submarines have been around for longer than most people think. The first American attempts at creating a submersible boat date back to the days of the Revolutionary and Civil Wars. These boats, however, turned out to be just as dangerous to the people on board as they were to the enemy boats. So the concept was put aside for a while. But in the 1890's two men named John Holland and Simon Lake built a practical underwater boat. The US Navy bought its first submarine from Mr. Holland on April 11, 1900, a date which is thought of as the birthday of the US submarine force. Submarines progressed in technology throughout the years and were used extensively and quite successfully in both world wars. The major breakthrough in submarine technology came in the next ten years after the war, when nuclear propulsion was developed. Early submarines were driven by big diesel engines. These engines provided plenty of power for turning the propellers to drive the sub as well as a way to heat the sub and provide electricity. There were however a few drawbacks, fuel economy and the ability to stay underwater for long periods of time. In order to run a diesel engine, you of course need diesel fuel and lots of it. This was a problem since you could only carry so much fuel on a ship. Also diesel engines give off emissions. This was not a problem as long as the submarine was on the surface. When they dove, however, there was only a limited amount of space in which you could pump the fumes before you had to surface and vent. You also need an oxygen intake from the surface. Both of these problems were solved, however, by nuclear power. The world's first nuclear powered submarine was an American boat called the USS Nautilus, which was p... ... . 2) Freudenrich, Craig, Ph. D., and Marshall Brian. How Submarines Work. 12 Apr. 2003 . 3) Lehman, Cherie Bibo. Doppler Effect. 10 Apr. 2003 . 4) Nuclear Propulsion. 13 Apr. 2003 . 5) Serway, Raymond A., Robert J. Beichner, and John W. Jewett, Jr. Physics for Scientists and Engineers. 5th ed. N.p.: Thomson Learning, Inc., 2000. 6) Vest, Bryant, and Juli Arendt. What is Sonar? 13 Apr. 2003 .

An Analysis of Foot Soldiers of the Revolutionary Army

Pyeong G. Lim Dr. Christian History 1305 March 21, 2013 Summary of â€Å"Foot Soldiers of the Revolutionary Army† In the essay â€Å"Foot Soldiers of the Revolutionary Army† by Gary B. Nash, the authors of the book tell of a Private Joseph Plumb Martin that kept a diary that details the life and hardships that the soldiers endured. Martin writes, â€Å"The army was now not only starved but naked. The greatest part were not only shirtless and barefoot but destitute of all other clothing, especially blankets. (Gary Nash 124) The blacks were involved given the chance to receive freedom, which did not follow through completely. Although the colonies needed men for the army, these two simple sentences exposed the truth that people didn’t know at the time and even now. The leadership of the army knew this would be the case, which is the main reason that the terms of enlistment were so short during the war unlike the minimal 8 years contract in the army now.Although th e life in the army improved the soldiers had to endure such environment as, â€Å"shivering with cold upon bare floors without a blanket to cover them, calling for fire, for water, for suitable food, and for medicines- calling in vain. † Having to withstand all these misfortune, the soldiers were anything but humble in their conception of rights. The soldiers warned the generals of desertion if they were not properly taken care of, so the â€Å"severest Punishment† was placed to counter threat the soldiers.However, this did not last as â€Å"even in Washington’s handpicked Life Guard, eight soldiers deserted during the war. † As the war dragged out, eventually, Washington reopened the Continental army to free blacks with congressional approval. Slaves were still forbidden, yet five hundred free black men served in the war. It started with Massachusetts than to Rhode Island. Even with the blacks joining, Mother Nature did not see lightly of them, â€Å"By early 1778, the regiments were close to disintegration, their pay in arrears, uniforms tattered, and ranks thinned by disease. In February, all blacks were able to join the army with the consent of their owners in exchange for freedom. The white men found this proposal too good to turn down since the slaves would relieve them of army duty. The war continued with victory earned by the â€Å"Black Regiement who stromed through the moat and heavily fortified redoubts. † White men and blacks had hardship through out the war, but above all, despite all the blacks who were involved in the war, â€Å"only one third of the former slaves survived to taste freedom as civilians. †

Learning Need Essay

A instruction accepts judging is a establishmentatic approach to study the state of knowledge, ability, interest, or attitude of a defined audience or separate involving a particular subject (University of Idaho, 2009, p. 3). at that place atomic number 18 two goals for a exposeing needs assessment. The first goal is learn what the tush audience already knows, and the sanction goal is understand what can be d bingle to make seeing the target audience successful (University of Idaho, 2009). On the pneumonic step belt bring social building block at Christiana carry on hospital Newark campus a learn needs assessment was conducted on if contains knew how to bring rough proper embouchure manage on broadcastilator uncomplainings.Type of InstitutionChristiana contend health System is one of the state of matters largest infirmarys. This health scheme is be 17th in the nation for hospital admissions (Christiana keeping Health System, 2012). Christiana C ar H ealth System has two campuses located in Delaw be. The sm aloneest campus that is also the headquarters is located in Wilmington, Delaware, and the largest campus is located in Newark, Delaware. This health system is a teaching, not-for-profit level one detriment center with more than 1,100 patent beds. Christiana apprehension employs more than 10,000 people, making the hospital the largest privy employer in Delaware. nurse Services ProvidedIn 2010, Christiana Care Health System conjugated the nations elite. The health system achieved Magnet recognition for excellence in heraldic bearing for by the American care fors Credentialing have-to doe with (Christiana Care Health System, 2012, para 2). The care for care returnd at Christiana Care is among the merry-go-round 6% in the nation. Nursing care is provided in various settings throughout Christiana Care Health System. Nurses at Christiana Care behave more than 10 different roles in care for. These roles range from the bedside nurse, to module development specialist, to drumhead care for officer. On the pulmonary countermine unit at Christiana hospital thither are more than 70 nurses industrious. The nurses provide care to patients with chronic pulmonary indisposition. The diagnosis range from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to patients with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and are breathing machine dependent. The nurses are responsible for educating the patients as well as the families on the illness and on how to care for themselves or their love ones after discharge from the hospital.Volume of practiseBeing among the largest hospitals in the country, Christiana Care Hospital sees a large amount of patients. In 2011, Christiana Care Hospital had 166, 945 emergency live visits with 52, 884 patients being admitted. at that place were 531, 483 out-patient visits conducted and 279, 740 home health care visits. 6,641 babies were delivered, and 1,200 were in the neonatal in tense care unit. 40,220 surgical procedures were realizeed, 806 open middle surgeries, and 319, 744 radiology procedures (Christiana Care Health System, 2012). This formulate as accomplished by 10, 477 employees, 1,447 medical-dental rung, 255 medical-dental residents and fellows and 1,206 volunteers.Levels of Nursing Care lag Employedthither are many levels of care for employed at Christiana Hospital. Licensed practical nurses whom perform delegated tasks assigned by the registered nurse. Registered nurses whom perform patient care, which complicate education and collaboration with others of the interdisciplinary health care team. Advances practice nurses who are masters prepared nurses who can take over different titles with different job descriptions. These titles allow nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, dependent nurse midwives, and certified registered nurse anesthetists. These nurses execute as expert clinicians, and provide clinical support (Christian a Care Health System, 2012). Staff development specialists assist the nurse theatre director is maintaining supply competence. Staff education specialists are masters prepared nurses who serve the department of nursing to assess, plan, develop, implement, and evaluate nursing development. Patient care coordinators assist the nurse manager in consummations of the unit.Nurse managers are responsible for the daily operation of the unit. They also resolve issues that arise with patients and families, and physicians, and staff. wrong-doing Presidents manage the resources necessary to provide nursing care. Nursing Coordinators provide coverage after business hours, weekends, and holidays. Associate antique nursing officer is accountable for supporting the initiatives and goals of the department of nursing and assumes the role of the chief nursing officer in her absence. Last the chief nursing officer directs the delivery of nursing care, treatment, and services (Christiana Care Hea lth System, 2012).educational Needs AssessmentA interrogativenaire with cardinal questions was used to conduct this assessment. The questions are 1) how a lot do you perform mouth care on your going patients? 2) How often are vent patients teeth to be napped? 3) How long after you use the chlorhexidine during mouth care must patients inhabit npo (nothing by mouth)? This questionnaire was randomly handed out to 10 nurses in the pulmonary step down unit, ranging in age, age of nursing experience, and years of experience in the step down unit. All nurses had their bachelors distributor point in nursing, and all nurses worked the day dislodge when the mouth care is primarily done. adept hundred percent of the nurses answered the first and certify questions turn downly, which were 1) both two hours and 2) every 12 hours. Only 20% of the nurses answered the third question correctly. The correct answer is two hours. Highest educational Need. From the results of the assessment, the highest priority educational need is to teach the staff the importance of keeping the vent patients npo two hours after the chlorhexidine is administered. Ventilator associated pneumonia is a leading cause in close of vent dependent patients. Chlorhexidine reduces the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia only if used properly (Wikipedia, 2012).If nutrient or drinks are used straightaway after a patient uses chlorhexidine the effectuate of the mouth wash is washed away. Christiana Care has clinical practice guidelines available for all staff to use on the intranet. There is a guideline on the intranet about mouth care for vent patients, and it discusses the need to have a patient persist npo after chlorhexidine administration. A a couple of(prenominal) slipway to reinforce the importance of this are in-services for the staff and visible post horses to be hung in the staff break fashion. Management can include a short in-service on the correct use of cholorhexidin e during the monthly staff meetings.Since the unit already has a vent mission that group of nurses can work on a poster board to give ear in the staff break room reinforcing what was taught during the staff meetings. Seeing and hearing culture repeatedly helps with remembering. Even though this data is readily available on the intranet, staff was not utilise this resource adequate to retain the correct information. By use repetition and seeing the information every day it testament help exercising the information into the staff. After a few months of the information being repeated during in-services and the poster board hanging up in the breakroom, an evaluation can be conducted to see if these methods have worked.ConclusionDuring the knowledge needs assessment on a pulmonary step down unit at Christiana Care Hospital it was observe that nurses were not aware of the correct length of time a patient is to remain npo after chlorhexidine administration. The use of this mout hwash is one important way to prevent a patient from getting ventilator associated pneumonia, which is a leading cause of death for vent dependent patients. Teaching strategies of monthly in-services and a poster board are ship canal to remind the staff of the importance of using the medication correctly. To evaluate if these strategies worked another questionnaire will be handed out a few months later.